Which of the following acts aims to prevent unfair lending practices based on race or gender?

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) is the correct choice as it specifically addresses and aims to prevent discriminatory lending practices based on various prohibited bases, including race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, and age. The act was enacted in 1974 to ensure that all consumers have equal access to credit and that lending decisions are based on the creditworthiness of the applicant rather than personal characteristics unrelated to creditworthiness.

The other acts listed perform important functions in consumer protection but do not primarily focus on prohibiting discrimination in lending practices based on race or gender. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act regulates the behavior of debt collectors to prevent abusive practices, while the Military Lending Act provides protections for military members and their dependents regarding certain loans. The Consumer Financial Protection Act established the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to oversee consumer financial products and services but does not specifically target discriminatory lending based on race or gender.